By SunnyJasrotia, 1st Aug 2012 | Follow this author | | Short URL http://nut.bz/2zwkav89/Posted in Wikinut>Health>General Health>Diseases & Infections s the name suggests, kidney stones , kidney inside grow "stone". In various organs of the urinary system, kidneys, usually the site of stone formation. Kidney stones are common diseases of the urinary system, one of every 20 people, there may be a risk of kidney stones.
As the name suggests, kidney stones , kidney inside grow "stone". In various organs of the urinary system, kidneys, usually the site of stone formation. Kidney stones are common diseases of the urinary system, one of every 20 people, there may be a risk of kidney stones. Dozens of known composition of kidney stones. Usually clinical stone is divided into four categories: calcium stones, infection stones, uric acid stones and cystine stones. Cause of kidney stones, there are many genetic factors, metabolic factors, infectious factors, environmental factors, dietary factors, anatomical factors, drug factors.
Although kidney stones is a benign disease, but may sometimes impede urine blockage of urinary tract discharge, resulting in pain, hydronephrosis, may result in severe uremia and even tumors.
Kidney stones of the features are: complex causes and variety of ingredients, the symptoms are not specific, methods of treatment are many and highly professional. In particular, the treatment of stones of different situations develop different strategies to choose the best method. Therefore, kidney stones, need to go to a regular hospital for diagnosis and treatment.
Dozens of known composition of kidney stones. Usually clinical stone is divided into four categories: calcium stones, infection stones, uric acid stones and cystine stones. About 80% of kidney stones, calcium stones, mainly of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate. Infection stones account for about 10%, mainly composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Uric acid stones account for about 10% in recent years have gradually increased the incidence of uric acid stones. Cystine stones account for only about 1% of all stones. There is also a part of drug-induced stones, matrix calculi. Clinically, the majority of stones contain more than one ingredient.
Cause of kidney stones, there are many genetic factors, metabolic factors, infectious factors, environmental factors, dietary factors, anatomical factors, drug factors. Its pathogenesis is very complex. We can understand the composition of urine, a brief introduction to the formation of kidney stones. The urination main role is to discharge metabolic wastes. The daily discharge of about 1500ml urine, and took about 30 grams and 50 grams of waste. These wastes include: urea, uric acid, creatinine, and a variety of acid (hydrogen ions, lactic acid, glucuronic acid, ß-hydroxybutyric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, etc.), salt (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, ammonia, chlorine, etc.). The higher concentration of these substances in the urine in the human kidney can make these substances to maintain a balance excreted in the dissolved state. If the urine is too small, then the material solubility of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, phosphoric acid, magnesium ammonium substances will form crystals - is the tiny stones. Usually people will discharge these tiny stones unknowingly. Stone formation above reasons, is to change some elements in the urine, and break the balance of the urine, before the formation of tiny stones, in the long-term effects of risk factors, the crystallization continue to grow, and eventually developed into a clinically meaningful kidney stones.
Multiple-fat group
Young people are high-risk population: the peak age of onset is 20 to 50 years old, is good labor population in the prime of life, where men and women 2 to 3 times; children with kidney stones low incidence.
Symptoms
Variety of symptoms of kidney stones.
(1): Waist cramps renal colic is the typical symptoms of kidney stones, usually in the side of the lower back sudden severe pain after exercise or at night, too painful and often described as "knife-like", while the lower abdomen and inner thigh pain, nausea, vomiting, pale, and so on. Patients feel restless, very painful. Renal colic because of kidney stone blockage in the discharge process of the renal pelvis or ureter cause. Many patients presented with lower back pain, pain. Pain, some patients can be found in the stones with the urine.
(2): Hematuria about 80% of gallstone patients hematuria, which only a portion to the naked eye found in urine is red, and only through urine tests can be found.
(3): physical examination, the asymptomatic: many patients happened to find kidney stones, without any symptoms.
(4) hydronephrosis: The stone blocking the renal pelvis, ureter, poor urine, resulting in hydronephrosis. Some hydronephrosis can not have any symptoms. Long-term hydronephrosis, ipsilateral kidney function will cause damage. In severe cases of bilateral hydronephrosis may lead to uremia.
(5) fever: kidney stones can be caused by bacterial infection cause (infection stones) can also be induced by bacterial infection, causing fever. Because the stones obstruct the discharge of urine, bacteria can not be discharged, in severe cases can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening.
Diagnosis
B super initial diagnosis of kidney stones. B super-simple, fast, low cost, no radiation, usually as the first choice for routine diagnosis. X-rays of the urinary system can also review after the initial examination and treatment, but pay attention to 1/10 of kidney stones in the X ray imaging, often referred to as "negative stones. "Bright spots" on the B ultrasound or X-rays are not stones, diagnosed with kidney stones need to rely on CT and intravenous urography (IVU).
These "film" check should be made clear whether there is kidney stones, and stone location, size, number, and a merger of the hydronephrosis, preliminary judgment of the renal function, the existence of urinary tract malformations.
In addition, through laboratory tests of urine, blood, get a stone can also analyze the composition of stones in order to understand the cause of kidney stones, and whether co-infection for the treatment of etiology, provide the basis for the development of preventive measures.
Differential diagnosis
Renal tuberculosis, renal tumors, vascular tumors, gallstones, lymph node calcification and so may be on the X-rays showing a "bright spot" of the upper abdomen, the need for screening. By CT can confirm the diagnosis.
First aid measures
In the following cases, as soon as possible to the hospital for emergency treatment.
(1) renal colic: give antispasmodic, analgesic therapy.
(2) infection fever: give antibiotics, fever treatment, more importantly, as soon as possible by placing a ureteral stent or kidney puncture nephrostomy drainage kidney pus.
(3) no urine: If you have uremia, the body in critical condition, the need for dialysis treatment. Stable condition, also need to place a ureteral stent or kidney puncture nephrostomy temporary urine drainage, protection of renal function.
he purpose of the treatment of kidney stones is to remove the stones, to maintain the patency of the urinary tract, urinary system function normally.
Remove the stones according to stone location, number, size, renal function, a merger of the anatomic abnormalities, co-infection, as well as the physical state of the case to develop. In general, kidney stones less than 5mm, the main conservative treatment or observation. 5mm to 2cm kidney stone, the preferred extracorporeal lithotripsy. Remind everyone, not just by a B results or X-rays Lithotripsy, should be a clear diagnosis and then gravel. Stone removal of kidney stones more than 2cm preferred percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Urology in the 1980s, first in China to begin extracorporeal lithotripsy and including the minimally invasive treatment of kidney stones by percutaneous renal mirror stone, nearly 30 years of experience.
Open surgical stone removal application has been less and less, and anatomic abnormalities of the combined urinary system, open surgery for anatomical abnormalities and stone.
Careful review must be carried out after the treatment of stones, clear stones are completely discharged. This is very important.
About 50% of kidney stones in patients with recurrence within 10 years, the prevention of the stones is very important.
Obstruction caused hydronephrosis in stone, if the obstruction period of time, complete remission after the removal of stones, hydronephrosis, renal function remains normal; if the time of obstruction, hydronephrosis after removal of stones may be a partial response, impaired renal The function may be difficult to recover.
he prevention of kidney stones , the focus is to find the cause of the stones, treatment of the cause or intervention. If the parathyroid tumor with parathyroid hyperfunction caused kidney stones, surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction caused by kidney stones junction plasty. Other congenital, hereditary, metabolic factors, according to their specific condition corresponding guidance.
Dietary modification is important to prevent stone recurrence. Patients with calcium oxalate stones should reduce the food intake prone to oxalic acid, such as spinach, amaranth, spinach, mustard, and avoid the intake of vitamin C. For the elderly, Generally,does not restrict calcium but calcium supplements should be carried out to eat at the same time. Is no reason to not eat spinach with tofu. Now, the incidence of uric acid stones increases every year, related to excessive intake of meat and fat and modern. Patients with uric acid stones should eat less of purine foods such as animal offal, seafood, beef and mutton, soup, nuts, etc..
Drinking water is also important to prevent stone recurrence. The proposed stone patients, the daily consumption of more than 4000ml liquid, maintaining the daily discharge of more than 1500ml of urine, the urine to maintain a very diluted state. Uric acid stones in patients with daily urine output is recommended for more than 2000ml, cystine calculi in patients with daily urine output is recommended for more than 3000ml.
The main types of drinking water to drinking water, purified water, mineral water, light tea, orange juice and watermelon are good water intake. To take the initiative to drinking water, drinking water during the day to be evenly distributed.
Drugs: uric acid stones and cystine stone patients through the administration of basic drugs to increase the pH of the urine, increasing the solubility of uric acid and cystine, reduce their risk of recurrence.
Proper exercise is conducive to the discharge of small stones.
The periodic review is an important part of the follow-up.
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